Apreciado Diego, muchas gracias por tu pregunta y por tu apoyo.

Ante todo, queremos dejar claro una vez más que el hecho de que una identidad nacional no aparezca en el mapa no implica que no exista. Hemos analizado las identidades y, a partir de los resultados obtenidos, hemos establecido unos umbrales para decidir qué identidades representábamos y cúales no.

Por otro lado, el mapa pretende retratar el estado de la cuestión desde dos enfoques: las bases históricas, culturales, lingüísticas y territoriales de la identidad nacional, por un lado, y su situación actual, por el otro. En el caso que tú comentas, el movimiento nacional andaluz no pasa por sus momentos de mayor éxito social y político. Ni ahora ni hace ya bastantes años. Habiendo analizado aspectos como la construcción de un sistema de partidos propio, de un sistema de medios de comunicación autocentrado nacionalmente hablando, la institucionalización o no del concepto "nación", o el alcance de los partidos nacionalistas (incluidos los independentistas) anadaluces, emerge la conclusión de que esta identidad nacional no ha logrado un grado de consolidación parejo al de otros movimientos nacionales.

Por supuesto, esto en ningún caso significa que en el futuro el movimiento nacional andaluz no pueda lograr una consolidación mayor. Eso sólo nos lo dirá el curso de la historia.

E insistimos, con la decisión de no representar la identidad andaluza en el mapa, el CIEMEN no está negando que ésta no exista.

Primeramente decir que me parece una idea bonita, pero me pregunto porqué Andalucía, por ejemplo, no aparece como identidad nacional dentro de este mapa, sin animo de crear polémica, se sometió a referendum del 78 con un 87% de votos a favor.

https://www.facebook.com/notes/giacomo-consalez/why-lombardy-should-secede-from-italy/10150721118388128

Hi Giacomo Consalez. Thanks for your words, despite the fact that this area is essentially meant for questions and you did not ask any.

The work that CIEMEN has done does not ignore that Italy is heterogeneous. All states are heterogeneous, in fact. But when comparing the data that we collected from the different identities in Italy (you can find further information on our general criteria here: http://www.verkami.com/projects/1990-mapa-de-les-identitats-nacionals-a-europa/blog/3034-com-hem-decidit-quines-identitats-nacionals-haviem-de-posar-al-mapa-i-quines-no ), it came out that the strongest ones appeared to be Sardinia, Aosta, South Tyrol, Friuli and, to a lesser extent, Veneto.

Does this mean that there is no Lombard national identity? Not at all. This only means that Lombard national identity indicators did not reach the minimum threshold that we established for the identity to be represented in the map. There are many other identities that are not shown for the same reason: Normand, Andalusian, Sicilian, Ruthenian, only to put some examples.

It is absolutely legitimate to ask independence for Lombardy. But we guess this is not the best place. This is not a political forum, but an analysis of the relative strength of the different national identities in Europe.

Ignoring that Italy is the most heterogeneous of all pseudonational states in Europe disqualifies your project and shows that misinformation can take many disguises. Independence for Lombardy NOW!

Hi M, thank you very much for asking.

If Italy was formed by war, then it is no exception in Europe. There are very few states in Europe that were not forged through military conflict. So if all the states that were created by war were not nations, then no nation would exist in Europe.

The process of Italian nation-building started at the 19th century and the extension of Standard Italian through the population also began at that time. Firstly, through schools and military service, and afterwards through the media (newspapers, radio stations, then TV). So it is not very accurate to claim that nobody spoke Italian 50 years ago.

As for the pro-independence movements, it is highly doubtful that 50 of them exist. Are they prominent ones? What is important is to understand which of the existing pro-independence movements have any kind of social acceptance. And, in the case of Italy, it is also very important to distinguish national identities from regionalist programmes. The Padanian programme is a very good example of this.

How can this be considered a serious project, when italy, a state formed by war after all the others, where nobody in the population spoke italian till 50 years ago, where there are more than 50 independentist movements, is depicted as a nation?